The issues, constrains and causes and effects for education and health services are covered in this sub-section.

• Low standard of Education.
• Many schools close every year
• Lack of PEB teacher recruitment drive;
• Lack of Planning;
• Insufficient quality of teachers passing out of colleges;
• Reduction of students entering teachers college;
• High Level of entry requirement (Gr.12);
• Not enough Grade twelve students available from training colleges.
• High Attrition Rate: many schools are understaffed
• Teacher shortage;
• Inefficient, recruitment, posting and appointment system;
• Posted teachers not taking up appointments;
• Lack of disciplinary action from PEB;
• Lack of incentives from rural schools;
• Lack of LLG support in teacher transfer movements;
• High transportation cost: Inadequate space in institution that take post grade 8 students;
• Lack of Infrastructure at institution.
• Very Poor School Infrastructure
• Insufficient government support and assistance;
• Lack of community support;
• High cost of material;
• Lack of community maintenance of school infrastructure;
• Lack of community discipline.
• Poor quality teacher input
• Lack of stringent inspection and guidance program;
• Lack of check and balance system;
• Lack of discilipinery action from appropriate authority;
• Poor resource management at school level;
• Inconsistence and late distribution of funds;
• High cost of supplies;
• High transport costs;
• Poor road system;
• Lack of parental support in payment of school fees;
• Shortage of qualified school teachers;
• Insufficient professional development activities;
• Lack of school based in-service activities;
• Lack of planning at school Level;
• Lack of administrative skills for school head teachers
• Increase in student disciplinary problems
• Lack of parental guidance and discipline at home;
• Lack of pastoral care;
• Ineffective school discilipinery system;
• School management not policing school rules;
• Teachers providing bad examples;
• No disciplinary action by authority;
• Lack of community support in disciplinary cases.
• High literacy rate amongst adults
• Insufficient literacy programs;
• Lack of government support;
• Lack of coordination at all levels;
• Lack of awareness.
• No elementary schools established at communities
• Lack of teacher training;
• Current quota system not equal to demand;
• Lack of funds for maintenance of training programs.

• Ineffective clinical services;
• Not adequate manpower;
• No in-service training for clinical staff;
• Insufficient medical equipment;
• Insufficient drugs and dressing;
• Inconsistent supply of drugs;
• No specialist medical team visiting rural health service from the provincial hospital;
• Non- availability of rural laboratory services;
• Non-availability of x-ray services;
• Non-availability of sterilizing facilities;
• Non-availability of dental services;
• Poor administrative support;
• No further medical research done in the wards and LLGs;
• No health surveys conduced;
• Political Interference;
• Very poor infrastructure development;
• No new health facilities constructed;
• No regular maintenance and renovation on existing health facilities;
• Inadequate staff accommodation;
• Vandalism to health facilities;
• No perimeter fence around health facilities;
• Very poor and ineffective communication system in each health facility;
• Unreliable power supply to health facilities and services;
• Inadequate transport system;
• Inadequate village water supply to the rural villages;
• Very poor and in adequate water supply to the station population;
• Very poor sanitation disposal system at Ambunti and Dreikikir Station;
• Ineffective preventative health service to the rural population;
• Inadequate logistic support;
• Inadequate office space;
• Inadequate staffing;
• Shortage of financial support;
• Very low coverage of MCH Services: Immunization, Family Planning new acceptors, Antenatal care, Village based supervised deliveries, Lack of health awareness programs;
• 80% of village population do not have access to clean and safe water supply;
• Very poor sanitation disposal methods used by the people;
• Communicable diseases are easily transmittable.

Core Problem: Very Poor Community Development Services in the District.

• Lack of management skills in community oriented groups;
• Rise in illicit drug activities in the community;
• Break down in Family Units;
• Increasing disrespect for community leaders and norms;
• Poor living standards;
• Lack of sporting activities;
• Increase in violence against women;
• Rising moral decay in communities;
• Very low cash flow in communities;
• Lack of communication network;
• Lack of basic government services in the communities;
• Inaccessibility to communities;
• Lack of cash base employment opportunities;
• Lack of viable training;
• Lack of accommodation for government personnel;
• Increase in Lawlessness;
• Lack of well trained welfare officers in the district;
• Increase in youth migration to urban centers;
• Lack of capacity building for district administration;
• Rising cost of living;
• High illiteracy rate in women;
• Ineffective participation in community development activities;
• Lack of effective women groups in the district;
• Lack of welfare services and centers in district;
• Lack of youth office;
• Lack of organized youth groups in the Wards & LLGs and the Districts;
• Lack of effective women’s groups in the communities;
• Lack of effective youth groups in the communities;
• Lack of government support to church pastoral program;
• Lack of welfare services and centers in districts;
• Lack of effective sports program in the district.

• Increase in criminal activities;
• Break down in Law and Order;
• Non performance by current law enforcement officers;
• Lack of sufficient and effective manpower;
• Lack of capacity building;
• Lack of community support;
• Lack of administrative support;
• Absence of District courts;
• Absence of district based magistrate;
• Lack of staff houses.

This sub section explains the issues, constrains and causes and effects these areas as namely; Agriculture & Livestock, Fisheries, Wildlife, Commerce & Industry and Hospitality & Tourism.

• Low standard of Living;
• Insufficient economic activities/ not enough economic varieties;
• Low cash Flow in the District;
• Loss of interest in major cash cropping like coffee, cocoa and copra;
• Marketing inaccessibility;
• High overhead cost;
• Very poor road infrastructure;
• Low food crop production;
• Low small holder livestock management;
• Lack of effective extensive services;
• Lack of farmer training for subsistence farmers;
• Lack of management training- management of business;
• High increases in prices of goods and services;
• Kina Devaluation;
• Decrease in value against other currencies;
• Value Added Tax;
• Excessive transport cost eg.Wewak to Ambunti.

• Ineffective inland fish management;
• Decrease in Makau (Talapai) population;
• Increase in introduced fish species;
• Use of under sized nets;
• Lack of awareness in fishing activities;
• Inconsistent supply of marketable fish Makau;
• Poor fish processing;
• Lack of support from small-scale inland fisheries;
• Lack of inland fish farming project;
• Total neglect on fisheries extension services;
• Inadequate manpower;
• Lack of logistic support.

• Ineffective planning and management on wildlife activities;
• Uncontrolled harvesting of crocodiles;
• Non compliance with wild life management and conservation act;
• Inadequate wild life rangers;
• Lack of mobility

• Very low cash flow in the district;
• Ineffective small scale business management;
• Lack of management skills-training;
• Lack of capacity – finance & resources;
• Less participation – no awareness, viability and feasibility;
• Lack of extension services on small – scale business and cottage industries;
• Very poor road network- water ways;
• Inadequate manpower;
• Lack of financial resources back up;
• High overhead cost.

• Non existence of tourism activities;
• Very poor organization in Tourism industry;
• Lack of culture and tourism officers in the district;
• Insufficient management in the hierarchy;
• Lack of recognition of tourism activities;
• Inadequate accommodation facilities;
• No new houses being constructed;
• Inadequate maintenance on exiting houses;
• Ineffective usage of established communication network;
• Lack of information dissemination to overseas countries;
• Ineffective cultural activities and promotion from the village level;
• Ineffective community participation in cultural activities;
• No well established cultural groups in communities and tribes;
• No research and Feasibility studies being conducted.

The two areas covered under Infrastructure are as follows; transport and other infrastructures and public utilities and services.

Core Problem: Poor Infrastructure Development.

• Very poor state of transport infrastructure in the district;
• No road linkages from Dreikikir sub-district into Ambunti headquarters;
• Very poor road condition into Dreikikir sub district;
• Lack of maintenance of the roads;
• Inadequate staff housing in district and sub district;
• Very poor state of existing staff houses;
• Inadequate staff housing in district and sub district;
• Very poor state of existing staff houses;
• Lack of proper water supply;
• Very poor unhygienic sanitation;
• Very poor irregular power supply in Ambunti and Dreikikir station;
• Very poor communication network;
• Very poor state of airstrips in the district;
• Lack of district court houses in Ambunti and Dreikikir

• Inadequate and poor housing in the district;
• Lack of maintenance on existing houses;
• Lack of proper organization and management of house;
• Non construction of new houses in the district and sub district Ambunti, Dreikikir, May River, Anna, District women’s center;
• Inadequate power supply and consumption;
• Lack of proper maintenance of generation sets;
• Unable to provide enough power to the consumers;
• Inadequate funding;
• Ineffective telephone system;
• Non existence of banking facilities;
• Insufficient radio communication network system;
• Ineffective telephone system;
• Very low cash flow;
• Very high overhead cost;
• Ineffective communication system;
• Ineffective postal services;
• Ineffective postal agencies;
• No maintenance of current water supply;
• Inadequate funding;
• Very poor and unhygienic sanitation systems.

• Lack of survey on government established service centers (districts, sub districts, schools, aid posts & etc.);
• Ineffective services provided by Lands to fast track land disputes settlements;
• Lack of awareness on land mobilization in the district;
• Lack of efficient and effective land acquisition procedure.

• Lack of district effective district administration;
• Lack of capacity building;
• Shortage of district staff houses;
• Very poor state of district infrastructure;
• Lack of database;
• Lack of modern office equipment (computer, copiers etc).
• Lack of Monitoring and Evaluation of Sectoral Programs.